Eugenics, The Progressive Development Of The Idea

The term â€Å"eugenics† derived from Greek with the prefix eu- for â€Å"good† and the suffix -genos for â€Å"birth† is defined as the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race. The idea began to arise in the eighteenth century with the theories of evolution and the discussions of race, which gave an opportunity for some to consider and judge that certain traits and features were better and more appealing than others. In this analysis, we will be focusing on the beginning of eugenics, the progressive development of the idea until it’s apogee in the twentieth century, we will also discuss its advocating and the propaganda it received and we will conclude with the ethical implications that this idea rises. The term eugenics was coined by Francis Galton in 1883. However, the idea emerged well before, in the 1700’s with the discussions of race and questions of the superiority of some over the others. Although the main aim of these scientific discussions and theories was to obtain a better explanation and more understanding of the human nature and to ultimately answer the question of why we have so many different races, it was nearly impossible to preclude the idea of a possible superiority of certain races being over others, or of a few to be less better than the rest. To support this idea, Voltaire in his essay said: â€Å"what is the most interesting to us is the sensible difference in the species of men, who inhabit the four known quarters of theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Darwinism Of The World War I1311 Words   |  6 Pagesstate-enforced Social Darwinism of eugenics. Despite the widespread Christian attack on Darwinian tenets, Christians did not fight the eugenics movement in an effective way. Eventually, even legislatures controlled by Christians fell to the false promises of eugenics. Despite poignant criticism of eugenics among scientists in the United States, more than 30,000 individuals were forcibly sterilized. In an ironic twist of fate, the Nazis Party s adoption of American Eugenics programs led to the virtualRead More Development of Anthropology as a Discipline in the United States1580 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of Anthropology as a Discipline in the United States I. Early History of Anthropology in the United States 1870-1900 â€Å"The roots of anthropology lie in the eye-witness accounts of travelers who have journeyed to lands on the margins of state-based societies and described their cultures and in the efforts of individuals who have analyzed the information collected. In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, a number of anthropologists recognized that the practice of anthropology was intimatelyRead MoreProcreation2665 Words   |  11 PagesHercules in new Renaissance philosophical script, seeing as the man who dominates Nature and creates his reign: the Regnum Hominis (Kingdom of Human Being). Prominent British philosopher Francis Bacon made this declaration in 16th century. Bacons ideas was a starting point in developing new humanistic and scientific approach in understanding of nature of mankind. The significance of Bacons â€Å"Regnum Hominis† for secular humanist is as follows: to subdue nature (include human biological nature) throughRead MoreThe Theory Of Progressive Evoluti on1726 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, the theory of progressive evolution by selection through natural challenges and sexual preference across geological epochs as argued in the On the Origin of Species (1859)4 was still to be considered by all reasonable, educated persons as an astounding, unprecedented achievement. In historical terms, a dividing line has been reinforced between the pre and post-Darwinian worlds, emphasising the supposed difference between biological guesswork and precise judgement. A sense of caution andRead MoreEugenics, A New Science Of Heredity1879 Words   |  8 PagesEugenics, a new science of heredity was first introduced in 1883, brought about to address the budding fears and threats to the purity and fitness of the British race. A fear brought upon by events such as the Boer War in 1899, forced Britain to question the spectrum of degeneracy within the population and resolve the issue of bringing the British and White race back to strength, unified and f it. Sir Francis Galton defined eugenics as â€Å"the study of agencies under social control that may improve orRead MoreThe Concept Of A Paradigm Shift1640 Words   |  7 PagesMicheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewiseRead More The Rise and Fall of the Eugnics Movement Essay3928 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction According to Merriam-Webster.com, eugenics is defined as â€Å"the theory dealing with the production or treatment of a fine, healthy race.† Despite this seemingly innocent representation, eugenics is an extremely controversial science. Some even debate whether or not it is worthy of the label of science, or if it’s just a form of intellectual racism. Nevertheless, eugenics was greatly embraced and was behind a scientific and social revolution during the late 19th century through theRead MoreBlack And Brown Youth Were Criminalized By The State Similarly1583 Words   |  7 PagesBlack and Brown youth were criminalized by the state similarly in the Progressive era and the era of Globalization in order to facilitate a political and economic project that resembled colonialist events. Through the structure of law in relationship to capital facilitated by discourse and ideology, the development of police brutality against people of color was adjusted as the city of Los Angel es (L.A) grew. With the influx of White European descendants and immigrants, the alienation and discriminationRead MoreThe Contemporary Concept Of Mental Illness Essay1928 Words   |  8 Pageshealth became a snowballing topic encapsulating vast changes in discourse and ideas influenced heavily by the changing epistemes of the period. Post-structuralism is a term used to describe the work of mid-twentieth-century philosophers and critical theorists. The theory developed from structuralism and came to prominence in the 1960s (Bensmaia, 2005). Although the rise and fall of the asylum system has a progressive biomedical story, it can also be told with a post-structuralist narrative of socialRead More Genetic Determinism2854 Words   |  12 Pageschild-labor laws and a progressive income tax (Knapp et al. 8). The Eugenics movement that followed married Social Darwinism with genetics. Eugenics was an accepted part of mainstream science (Steen 34). Followers believed that poverty†¦and criminality were hereditary (Steen 39) and encouraged superior genetic stock (Knapp 8). The movement called for sterilization of inferior people and limiting of immigration in order to purify the gene pool. Eugenics and the idea of racial purity were soon

Affirmative Action And The Civil Rights And Equal...

Affirmative action is a program that serves to rectify the effects of purportedly past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and opportunities to minorities and women. Affirmative action programs were an outgrowth of the 1950s and 1960s civil rights movements and the Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity legislation of the 1960s. Close to fifty years later, the practice of affirmative action has been at the vanguard of intense debate more than any other time in its history. Hardly a week goes by that the subject of affirmative action does not come up in some context (e.g., in both the private and public employment sectors as well as in the educational sphere). A growing number of programs including quotas, preferential hiring, minority scholarship, and reverse discrimination have all been categorized under this controversial policy; and all ostensibly seek to break down the wall of segregation that excluded racial minorities and women from occupational and educational placement throughout much of American history. The analysis of affirmati ve action in this thesis will first consider the changing face of affirmative action from all perspectives: race and gender-based as it has been applied in private employment, public employment, and higher education. Following a glimpse into the definition of affirmative action, the analysis presents a history and general overview of affirmative action, including a discussion of the various f01111s of affirmative actionShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action And Equal Opportunity709 Words   |  3 PagesI. Introduction A. Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity in Employment have been used to ensure that all minorities are given an opportunity to succeed in America. Equal Opportunity itself is a concept hinted at by the founders in the Constitution, whereas Affirmative Action is the government policy that brings about Equal Opportunity in Employment. Has Affirmative Action actually managed to right the wrongs of previous discrimination of minorities or has it only compounded the discriminationRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the federal government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities in the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quotaRead MoreAffirmative Action : The United States956 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative Action has been around for many decades from around the 1940s. Although it has not always been called affirmative action, the official title was not introduced until the 1960s. Back then affirmative action was more known as segregation or discrimination in the workplace or there lack of. The women and people of color were the targets of discrimination, which several presidents tried to correct for equality. The Past During the Great Depression affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreAffirmative Action : Gender Action Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action (ADD PROPER INTRO) Affirmative action, in its broadest sense, are attempts to help create labor and educational opportunities for groups that have been disadvantaged in the past. (Miriam Webster). Evidence has shown that throughout history, many groups have been discriminated against, and because of past (discriminations?), they continue to experience obstacles in areas of hiring, promotion, renting, buying, gaining education, and everyday economic activities. Thus, affirmativeRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination in America Today Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pages just as America is built around the idea of racism. As the civil rights activist and scholar Derrick Bell would say, Racism is an integral, permanent, and indestructible component of this society. He proclaims that no matter what blacks do to better their status, they are doomed to fail as long as the majority of whites do not see their own well being threatened by the status quo. Racism plays a large role in limiting opportunities and negati vely affecting the lives of the majority of black folksRead MoreThe Founding Years Of America1692 Words   |  7 Pagesgender, or sexual orientation are created equal, without preference to some groups, until the day that preference to race and gender began to occur within the education frontier. In the hopes of improving chances of like-minded individuals who experienced direct discrimination, Universities were obliged to improve educational opportunities of groups who have experienced prejudice in the past, though a practice called Affirmative Action. The Civil Rights Act was created in 1964 to prohibit discriminationRead MoreMinorities Affected By Civil And Equal Rights965 Words   |  4 PagesMinorities Affected by Civil and Equal Rights â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin† is a lyrical poem written by Bob Dylan. â€Å"The Fear of Losing a Culture’ is an auto-biographical essay written by Richard Rodriguez. Both of these literary works have a shared theme of change and social conflict. However, both works were written at different times in history. There are similarities as well as differences between the two works. The shared theme of change for these two works is the change that is taking placeRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that were enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. From

Business Entrepreneur Women Business Entrepreneur - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Business Entrepreneur for Women Business Entrepreneur. Answer: Entrepreneur has evolved from a French term entreprendre which means to undertake (Kuratko, 2008).Today business entrepreneur are consider to be one who takes risk and creates, organizes and manages the business. Entrepreneurs are business leaders, innovators, developers. They are imbibed with qualities like passion, self discipline and competitive spirit. (Zimmerman, 2008), Business entrepreneurs generally do those things which are not done in normal course by challenging their own strength. Katie page is 59 years Australian born renowned women business entrepreneur. Her net worth is Net Worth $50.8 Million (Katie Page Net Worth, 2016). She is the CEO of Harvey Norman an international retail store. She is named as the fourth most powerful women by The Australian Business Review's list of the "50 most powerful women in business". (Korporal, 2015). She was born in year 1956 .she grew up with her other three sisters in Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. Her father was a banker. She grew up in a middle class family. She did her high education from Brisbane high school and started working in Sydney at an age of 21. She had all the qualities of a strong business entrepreneur (Kay Lesley Harvey Page, 2016). Before joining Harvey Norman she worked as a surveyor for a short period. She joined Harvey Norman in the year 1983 as an assistant. She was responsible then to carry out ad campaigns, sales and marketing strategies. She married Gerry Harvey in the year 1988 .They have two kids . Gerry Harvey is the chairman of Harvey Norman with a net worth of $1.75 billion (The World Billionaires, 2016). Both are working together since 1987 when the company first listed on the Australian exchange. Page became the CEO in year 1999 and currently she is the longest serving CEO in Australia. She has also served as director of Rebel Sport Limited and is a director of Pertama holding limited (page, 2016). She is responsible for revolutionizing the retail market in Australia through her company Harvey Norman. She together with her husband is providing platform to the young entrepreneurs to sell their goods. Harvey Norman is dealing in electronics, furniture and consumer electronic goods. (Bartlett, 2012) Harvey Norman is Australian based retailer which deals in, bedding, computers, furniture communications and consumer electronic products. It is operating in more than seven countries in retail sector and has an overall turnover of $ 2.6 billion. It has a franchise operation with over $ 4.8 billion a year. Harvey Norman was found in Australia by Harvey and Ian Norman in year 1961. They opened an electronic appliance store. Since then Harvey Norman is creating history. Page joined Harvey Norman in 1983. She became the CEO in the year 1999 since then she is proving to be the biggest asset to the company. It is under her guidance the company showed tremendous market growth. Her vision of expanding the market operations to other nations made Harvey Norman a renowned name everywhere. It was her entrepreneurial skills which made Harvey Norman a household name. They have their stores in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia Slovenia, Ireland and Singapore. It has a good market standing in all ove r Australia and serves the needs of new business enthusiast (Company Profile .2016). Harvey Norman is providing a good platform to retailers to sell their goods. Retailers from all over Australia can apply at Harvey Norman. It is providing franchise to small retailers in Australia to sell their goods .As a franchisor Norman grants franchises to independentbusiness operators. Those who want to deal in products like Electrical, Computers Communications,Small Appliances, Furniture, Bedding ,Home Renovations , Lighting and Carpet Flooring can apply for franchising (Company Profile .2016).. Harvey Norman expanded its operations in New Zealand in 1996, in Singapore in 2000, Malaysia, Ireland and Slovenia in 2003. Currently it is operating in seven countries and has a future plan to expand (Korporal, 2015).It started its online operations in 2001 since than they are growing at a steady rate. Harvey Norman annual revenue of 4.9 billion in the year ended June 2015 and a net worth of $ 165 million". (Asias power Businesswoman, 2015). Page with Gerry Harvey is taking their business to other horizon. They believe in creating business opportunity in Australia. Ever since its incorporation the company is doing wonder in Australian Market. The company has shown tremendous growth in these years (Cook, 2015). It is ruling the retail market in almost all consumer electronics segment. Gerry Harvey with his wife is an inspiration for the youth of the country. Gerry Harvey supports the interest of budding business enthusiast. It is due to his business mind and Page vision the company has touched zenith. The main reason behind their success is the love for business. Harvey Norman is built due to excessive advertising; good values and an exceptional business tactics which are carried forward by Katie Page (Humphrey, 2010).Page acknowledge her company to be different from other Australian companies. Where other companies fail to carry their operations locally Harvey Norman is setti ng a very high bench mark in international market. Katie Page has a strong passion for designing houses. She loves making investment in real estate. This adds on another feather to her hat (Korporal, 2015). Page believes in supporting young entrepreneurs who wants to make a difference to society. Katie Page considers retail sector has a lot of scope in future and urges to make a good investment (Korporal, 2015). Katie Page net worth is $50.8 millionAustralian dollars according to the BRW 2011 Rich List. She is the richest female executive in Australia (Katie Page Net Worth, 2016).Katie Page is an example for the rest of the Australian working women. She supports women cause and pioneer women development by supporting through her various organizations. Apart from above mentioned facts Katie page has a set of leadership skills which distinguishes her from rest of the people. Katie Page believes in accepting roles which would add meaningful contribution to her passion (Kidman and Feher , 2016). Katie page is an active supporter of various sports. Page with her husband co-own Magic Millions auction house of horses , which auctions horses .People from all over the world comes up to buy race horses(Margan,2016). She was the first women to be elected as the president of National Rugby League. She supports women participation in sports activities which would eventually help in their betterment. Page has initiated the cause of women sportsmanship. She asks other entrepreneur to help those sports activities which need any monetary help. She considers women to be the future of the country .It is very much essential to promote their interest. In 2004 she becomes the first woman president of National Rugby League and has sponsored women league in 2005(Bruce, 2012).She has sponsored NRL series for 15 years. Her company sponsored the National Rugby League'sState of Origin seriesfor almost 5 years. They still sponsors the Women in League round andIndigenous All Starsmatch. (John, 2015). She is an active supporter of Racing Women Incentive Bonus. She is an active ambassador of Zara Philips which is an active Racing Women Initiative (Zoe, 2014). Page not only support the above mentioned causes but owns Muslim Australian Football League, 2011. She promotes female interest in every kind of sports. Page, herself is an enthusiastic badminton player. She considers sports as an essential activity for mental and physical growth (Bruce, 2012). Apart from Harvey Norman Katie page has diversified their investment in various others field. She has made a good investment in Australia .Currently she is making investment in New South Wales and Queenslands. It was due to her love for designing she is making an investment project in Queensland by creating boutique bungalow. The Bungalows are designed under her supervision (Emily, 2015).All the projects are marked excellent on quality standards. These projects are marked one of the best investment projects in Australia (Speghen, 2016) Harvey Norman is considering being a revolution due to bold aspiration of Page and Gerry. Apart from consumer electronic goods it has several other holding companies. At present it is working only in seven countries but it can be seen the company is doing remarkably well in the countries of operation. Instead of diversifying in different sector the company should concentrate on working at their core strength. There dream was to set an exemplary difference in history of world. Page and Gerry are causing a tremendous growth in the sector of retail industry. They are creating huge employment opportunity in Australia for small retailers. There core strength and strategies are marked one of the best. Katie page has passed all the exemplary criteria and running the most successful business enterprise with her dedication (Kidman and Feher, 2016) Katie page is sometimes ignored and all credit goes in the hands of Gerry Harvey. But it is only due to her effort the company has shown an exemplary growth. Her vision took her dreams to other level. Today Harvey Norman is a renowned business retailer. It is providing a platform to young blood to showcase their dream of retail business. Page and Gerry are considered to be the most successful business couple. They both have earned recognition due to a dynamic and practical approach (page, 2016). Page seems to be the most idealist business women .Its only due to her ambition and passion which made her a familiar name in Australia. Her approach towards seeing positive things in almost every business opportunity has bought fame. References Asias power Businesswoman 2015. [Online]. Available at https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45hmgg/katie-page-58-australia/[Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Barlett, J.2012.Katie Page - The New Face of Retail . [ONLINE]. Available at https://www.womeninfocus.com.au/t5/Community-Stories/Katie-Page-The-New-Face-of-Retail/ba-p/1985 [Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Bruce, Mike.2012.Passions on Field. The Sunday mail. [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/katie-pages-passions-of-the-field/story-fn6ck8la-1226238846398 [Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Company Profile .2016.https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/companyprofile.htm [Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Cook, C.2015. Norman co-founder Gerry Harvey is seeing the green shoots of the Australian economy [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/sa-business-journal/harvey-norman-co-founder-is-seeing-the-green-shoots-of-the-australian-economy/story-e6fredel-1226598368721 Harvey. [Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Humphrey, N.2010. The Penguin Small Business Guide: The Complete Reference Handbook For Sm.UK: Penguin Katie Page Net Worth.2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.therichest.com/celebnetworth/celebrity-business/women/katie-page-net-worth/ Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Kay Lesley Harvey Page.2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8084256privcapId=6478902 Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Kidman, M. and Feher, A.2016. Master CEOs: Insights from Australia's Leading CEOs. US: John Wiley Sons Kirby, J.2011. Gerry Harvey: Business Secrets of Harvey Norman's Retailing Mastermind. Wiley Korporaal, G.2015 50 most powerful women in business: 4. Katie Page [ONLINE]. Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/the-deal-magazine/50-most-powerful-women-in- Available at business-4-katie-page/news-story/286278802b1e16c3b2a71a0b260513d1[Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Kuratko, D.2008. Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice. US: Cengage Learning, Margan,M.2016 .Magic Millions owner and Harvey Norman CEO Katie Page slashes the price of her stunning coastal home by almost $2 MILLION - but it will still set you back $3.35 million. Available at:https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3624850/Gerry-Harvey-s-wife-Katie-Page-slashes-price-Kingscliff-home-half-order-sell-quickly.html#ixzz4JMz0IkAq. [Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Sbeghen, H.2016.Magic Millions co-owner Katie Page cuts ties with Kingscliff investment property. Available at: https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold-coast/magic-millions-coowner-katie-page-cuts-ties-with-kingscliff-investment-property/news-story/02a08b536ff5035c1ccc590fe707d908 Accessed on: September 5, 2016] The World Billionaires .Available at: https://www.forbes.com/profile/gerry-harvey/[Accessed on: September 5, 2016] Zimmerman, J.2008. Refining the Definition of Entrepreneurship.US: Pepperdine University. Education

Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System Overview Prison recidivism is a problem in the United States, resulting in prison overcrowding. As the government struggles to address the conditions in prisons, researchers have begun to look at alternatives to incarceration. These alternatives can result in lowering crime, recidivism and the prison population (Lanagan 2002). Need essay sample on "Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The numbers of people in the United States spending time in prison and the amount of time people are spending is an enormous problem and cost for every state Llanagan 2002). The rate of incarceration has doubled in the last twenty years. Sixty percent of these people are serving time in prison for non-violent offenses. Only Russia has a higher rate of incarceration than the United States. Eventually, the great majority of criminals are released back to society (Messina 2006). Since it is clear that the likelihood of re-offending is high, and increases over time, preventative programs are being studied and implemented across the United States as well as other countries. The rehabilitative and preventative program work to address the transition n to the community and focus in on particular problems for the individual (Cochran 2007). Many of these program focus on the problems associated with substance abuse and addiction as this issues is rampant among individual in the criminal justice system. People Frequently Tell Us:I'm don't want to write my paper now. I don't have the timeProfessional writers recommend:We Write All Kinds Of PapersCheap Essay Helper Hire Writers For Blogs Pay For Writing Cheap Essay Help Programs and services for individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system are also being developed across the country. In many areas, professional have referred to the prisons and jails throughout the country as de facto mental institution (Cochran 2007). The number of people with a mental illness incarcerated each year is more that seven times the number of people hospitalized (Peters 2005). More than sixty percent of incarcerated individuals are minorities. Another population that is increasing fast is the number of women in the criminal justice system. There are many complex reasons one can link to the rising rate of arrest and incarceration. These involve society issues such as poverty, unemployment, gang involvement, substance abuse, lack of educational opportunities, etc. As a result of crime, lawmakers have made changes to address the issue including mandatory sentencing, and three strikes laws (Roberts 2001). The responses to get tougher on crime have in some ways back fired. Continually arresting and sentencing an individual for drug related offences does not appear to be the answer, given the statistics. The Data A study by the US Department of Justice found that over 60% of prisoners released are rearrested within three years. The Department of Justice reviewed the cases of 300,000 individuals released from prison in 1994 and completed a similar review of prisoners released in 1983.More than half (52%) were back in prison within three years for either a violation of their parole or for a new crime. Individual in prison for robbery and burglary had the highest rate of re-offence (over 70%) (Zamble 2002). Individuals in prison for homicide and rape had lower rearrest rates of around 40%, still high enough to raise serious concerns for society. On average, prisoners had accrued fifteen charges prior to their initial prison sentence (Langan 2002). On average, prisoners remain in prison nearly five years, but served only about one third of their original sentence. The great majority of prisoner, about 70% had more than five prior arrests. Date indicates that six moths following release approximately one third of criminal have re-offended. That number grows to about forty-five percent after two years and to nearly seventy percent in three years (Langan 2002). Mental Illness Persons with mental illness represent approximately more than fifteen percent of the prison population, more than 100,000 persons across the United States. This number does not include the even larger number of inmates in local and county jails ( Lovell 2002). More than half of these prisoner released, were later rearrested. Unlike other populations of prisoners, those with mental illness are not generally able to advocate for themselves. There voices are not heard by the community at large. Social workers and mental health professionals have begun to study this issue and develop programs to link individual with appropriate services and prevent the re-offending behavior. (Lovell 200). Additionally, models on the front end that keep mentally ill individuals out of local jails are being developed. For example, The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model involves local police working along with mental health professions to quickly identify and divert mentally ill people from the law enforc ement system to the mental health system. This model is being used in Memphis Tennessee and has become a national model, replicated in many communities. Early data on this program indicates that arrests are decreasing and referrals to mental health services are increasing. In the long term, keeping mentally ill individuals out of jail, keeps them out of prisons (Cochran 2007). Substance Abuse Programs are also being designed to address the population of individuals who are incarcerated and re-incarcerated as the result of serious substance abuse and dependence problems (Hiller 1999). The development of what has become known as a therapeutic community within the confines of the prison can be used to begin the assessment and treatment of people with substance abuse problems Following the treatment in prison, the referral, to a community based residential program for continued treatment and support further improves the outcomes in the long term. The research concludes that the criminal justice system must develop release plans that include a continuum of services from the prison to the community. Society as a whole is served by these programs as there is less cost and less crime (Hiller 1999). Women Women are an invisible group in prisons in the Untied States. Most people dont think of the large and increasing numbers of incarcerated women, or of their children. It is not the normal image of women in our society. Aside form the high profile cases covered in the media, the problems and circumstance of female prisoners has not been given much attention until recently. The number of women in the prison system has tripled in the last ten years (Zamble 2002). Women are the fastest growing prison population. The reason for this is fairly clear. The crimes committed by these women are generally substance abuse related and with mandatory sentencing, they go to prison (Roberts 2001). The complicated factor in many of these women life is the history of trauma and co-existing mental health problems. Surveys of women in prison have shown numbers as high as eight percent of them with a history of sexual and or physical abuse (Messina 2006). The rate of recidivism for these women is high and a survey of prison wardens in 1995, indicated that at least three quarters of these women would be better served in community based programs. The mandatory sentencing laws that were meant to keep serious and violent criminal locked up, has resulted in an increasing number of non violent, substance abusing women in prison. There crimes are often linked to poverty (Wolf 2006). The recurring themes in the lives of these women are lack of education, unemployment, single mothers and poverty. Approximately 66% of these women have children. Almost two thirds of the women are minorities (Messina 2006). Developing programs to identify and begin treatment of these women while in prison, or diverting them from prison all together is key. The therapeutic community model has also shown to be effective for women. Programs must have a component for assessing issues of past abuse that may hold the key to the substance abuse and in tern the poor education and employment histories of these women (Wolf 2006). Summary The Untied States has experienced an explosive increase in the criminal justice system for problems liked to poverty, unemployment, mental illness, substance abuse among other societal factors. Maintaining individuals in prison with the goal of sending a message and preventing future crime has not been successful. It appears from the data and the research that the Unites States will need to examine other alternatives to have an effect on crime, rates of recidivism and the costs associated with the criminal justice system (Zamble 2002). Studies and research has shown that the types of programs needed are similar in nature and design, though may need to be adjusted depending on the particular problems of a group or individual. Rehabilitative programs that begin to assess and treat people in prison and then link them to services in the community is at the present, the best hope of impacting the crime rate and recidivism. References Cochran, Major Sam, Fighting Stigma in Law Enforcement. The Message Has to Come From the Heart. Memphis Police Department, 2007. Hiller, Matthew L, Knight, Kevin. Simpson, Dwayne Prison-based substance abuse treatment, residential aftercare and recidivism Addiction 94 (6), 1999. Langan, Patrick and Levine, David .Recidivism of Prisoners, Office of Justice Brorams Special Report, June 2002. Lovell, David and Gagliardi, Gregg Recidivism and Use of Services Among Persons with Mental Illness After Release From Prison, Psychiatric Services, October 2002. Messina, Nena, Burdon, William, Prendergastn, Michael, Predictors of prison-based treatment outcomes: a comparison of men and women participants. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Feb, 2006. Peters RH, Wexler HK. Substance abuse treatment for adults in the criminal justice system. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2005 Sep 12. 332 p. (Treatment improvement protocol (TIP); no. 44